For further information, contact:

Marjorie Heins, Director, The Free Expression Policy Project, (212) 807-6222

On September 25, 33 media scholars, historians, psychologists, and games researchers filed a brief with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, opposing a law that bars minors from video games containing "graphic violence." A trial judge upheld the ordinance based on the assumption that media violence has been proved to cause aggressive behavior. The scholars' brief explains that most laboratory experiments and other efforts to prove adverse effects from media violence have yielded null results. Those researchers reporting "aggressive" effects, moreover, have often manipulated the numbers, ignored negative findings, and used measures of "aggression" that are artificial and often ridiculous (for example, popping balloons or recognizing "aggressive" words on a computer screen).

The brief quotes British psychologist Guy Cumberbatch:

"The real puzzle is that anyone looking at the research evidence in this field could draw any conclusions about the pattern, let alone argue with such confidence and even passion that it demonstrates the harm of violence on television, in film and in video games. While tests of statistical significance are a vital tool of the social sciences, they seem to have been more often used in this field as instruments of torture on the data until it confesses something which could justify publication in a scientific journal. If one conclusion is possible, it is that the jury is not still out. It's never been in. Media violence has been subjected to lynch mob mentality with almost any evidence used to prove guilt."

The brief quotes one of the scholars, Celia Pearce, who sums up the humanist understanding of violent fantasy games: "Most of the alarmism about violence," she writes, "is based on a profound misunderstanding about the social and emotional function of games. Games allow people who are midway between childhood and adulthood to engage in fantasies of power to compensate for their own feelings of personal powerlessness. This role-playing function is important for children of all ages."

FEPP director Marjorie Heins wrote the brief with the help of the 33 scholars, among them MIT's Henry Jenkins, Columbia's Todd Gitlin, Amherst's Francis Couvares, and London University's David Buckingham.

For an HTML copy of the brief, click here.

For an PDF copy of the brief, click here.

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